![]() These reagents frequently induce the mis-segregation of sister chromatids by inhibiting the fine chromatid orientation and abnormal tension at the kinetochore, which is the main cause of micronuclei formations. For example, stimulation with cytokinesis-related inhibitors, such as paclitaxel, promotes abnormal nuclei formations in vitro and in vivo 7, 8. To date, it has been considered that the micronuclei are efficiently produced by inhibiting cytokinesis. As such, the analysis of micronuclei is beneficial to our understanding of the genomic conditions of each cell and tissue 4, 5, 6. Micronuclei are also known to increases the risk of genomic instability and tumor malignancy. Micronuclei are produced as a result of various genotoxic stressors and act as biomarkers of DNA damage. Currently, these small nuclei are generally referred to as micronuclei 3. In the middle of the twentieth century, these small nuclei were also identified in other tissues 2. Historically, the micronuclei were identified as small basophilic nuclear remnants in the erythrocytes over one hundred years ago 1. The micronucleus is a small extranuclear structure surrounded by a nuclear envelope that contains chromatin and nuclear proteins. ![]() We provide a novel tool, CAMDi, to quantify micronuclei and demonstrate that neuronal micronuclei are produced not only by the cell-autonomous process but also by the intercellular communication associated with neuroinflammation in vivo. These findings demonstrate that neuronal micronuclei formations are induced by an inflammatory response in a non-cell-autonomous manner. On the other hand, the administration of lipopolysaccharide into mice slightly increases micronuclei formation in neurons of the hippocampus region. ![]() ![]() We found that inflammatory stimulation does not increase the number of micronuclei in primary neurons. Using CAMDi, we revealed a novel link between the emergence of micronuclei and neuroinflammation. CAMDi enables us to measure the accurate size of micronuclei from the three-dimensional images. ![]() CAMDi is adaptable to various experimental imaging techniques and is useful for obtaining reproducible data. Here, we introduce a novel MATLAB-based program for quantifying micronuclei (CAMDi: calculating automatic micronuclei distinction) in vitro and in vivo. Although micronuclei often emerge in damaged tissues, the quantitative procedure for analyzing micronuclei accurately has been problematic. Normally, micronuclei are produced by segregation errors and mechanical stresses arising from dividing or migrating cells, leading to activation of the innate immune response pathway. The micronucleus is known to be a biomarker for genomic instability, which is a hallmark of tumors and aging. ![]()
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